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in 10e

Changes in the 11th Edition, usually on diferent pages

227

Vignette about the Libertarian Party was replaced by one describing the 2009 contest in New York's 23rd congressional district, where conservative voters forced the Republican candidate to withdraw because she was too liberal, instead supporting a candidate from the Conservative Party. The result was a victory for the Democratic Party. The last sentence said: Tom Davis, a former chair of the National Republican Congressional Committee, worried that his party would see more conservative challenges to moderate candidates in primary fights, which could get ''very, very ugly.''

228

Compared With What? "Only Two to Tango," updated with data from the 2010 elections in Britain and the United States.

241

Added this line to the section on Farmer-Labor parties: In 1944, however, the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party merged with the Democrats to form the Democratic Farmer-Labor (DFL) Party. The DFL is Minnesota's Democratic Party today.

242

Figure 8.2, "Party Candidates for the U.S. House in the 2010 Election," updated with new data.

248

Added this sentence at the end of the second paragraph: Nonwhites in general have become more Democratic than Republican today, as the ethnic composition of the United States is inexorably becoming less white. Estimated at 65 percent in 2010, the non-Latino white population is projected to be only 58 percent in 2030. The Latino and nonwhite share of the population, estimated at 36 percent in 2010, is projected to be 44 percent by 2030. Given that over 70 percent of blacks, Asians, and Latinos voted for Democratic candidates for Congress in 2008, the Republican Party faces problems in the partisan implications of demographic change.

254

Replaced the photo of the Green Party web site with that of the Libertarian Party web site. Added a new photo of Michael Steele, the Afro-American Chair of the Republican National Committee. Added this sentence at the end of the first paragraph: According to a major study of presidential party building, all Republican presidents, from Eisenhower through G. W. Bush supported their National Committee's organization efforts in order to build a Republican majority in the electorate. In contrast, Democratic presidents from Kennedy through Clinton's first term, who "were not out to build a new majority but to make use of the one they had," tended to exploit, not build, the party organization. Clinton became supportive after the Republican takeover of Congress in 1995. The evidence is not in concerning Obama's role.

255

Replaced the discussion of Bush's dealings with Congress with this passage: Consider the 2009 congressional vote on reforming health care, President Obama's most important policy initiative. Although the Democrats held 258 seats in the House, the bill passed only 220-215, as 39 Democrats (15 percent) voted against it.

279

Added this sentence at the end of the second paragraph: Most congressional elections today are not very competitive. Of 2,175 congressional elections in the 2000s, only 41 (1.9 percent) were decided by 2 percentage points or fewer. Deleted much of the next paragraph, replaced with: By the summer of 2007, more than a year and a half before the 2008 election, both Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama had assembled campaign staffs of hundreds of people.

281

Replaced the first full paragraph from the bottom with: In 2010 a bitterly divided Supreme Court departed from its precedents and ruled against BCRA's ban on spending by corporations in candidate elections. Conservatives viewed its decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission as defending freedom of speech, while liberals saw it as opening the door to the corrupting influence of corporate money. Beginning with the 2010 election, corporations will be free to run ads directly advocating a candidate's election for the first time since 1907, when congress first banned using general corporate funds in federal election campaigns.

283

Second paragraph now contains this information: Candidates for national office raised more than $3 billion during the primary and general election campaigns in the 2007-2008 election cycle. Barack Obama alone raised almost $750 billion for his presidential campaign, far more than John McCain's almost $370 billion. The 1,544 candidates in primary and general election campaigns for the U.S. Congress in 2007-2008 raised almost $1.4 billion more.

285

Last paragraph now reads: At one time, candidates for national office relied heavily on newspaper advertising; today, they overwhelmingly use the electronic mediaÐprimarily television. Political ads convey more substantive information than many people believe, but the amount varies by campaign. In his comprehensive study of campaign advertising in the last seven presidential elections, Darrell West found that political ads tended to mention candidates' policy preferences more in 1984, 1988, 1992, and 2000 and candidates' personal qualities more in 1996, 2004, and 2008. In 1996, Bill Clinton drew fire for lack of "honesty and integrity"; in 2004, John Kerry was attacked for "flip-flopping" on issues and for false "heroism" in Vietnam; and in 2008 Obama was criticized for inexperience.

227

Top paragraph now reads: A national survey in December 2008 asked respondents to name two sources for "most of" their news about the presidential campaign. Most people (70 percent) named television. Although about one-third (35 percent) cited newspapers, a larger percentage (40) claimed the Internet over newspapers for the first time. Young people (under 30) were equally likely to rely on the Internet as television.